A gastroenterologist is a doctor with advanced training in the digestive system. This system includes the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, and each organ plays a role in digestion. When heartburn, bloating, or bowel changes persist, your primary care doctor may refer you to this specialist. Here are some of the main services these specialists provide:
Diagnosing Digestive Disorders
Digestive symptoms can overlap, and a single complaint may point to several conditions. Before the gastroenterologist orders any tests, they review your medical history, diet, and medications. They may also perform a physical exam of your abdomen. Be honest about alcohol use, supplements, and over-the-counter drugs.
If initial findings suggest a problem, the doctor may order blood work, stool tests, or imaging. Imaging options include ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI. Some patients also need a breath test for bacterial overgrowth or lactose intolerance. Each test shows different details, and the results guide the next step in your care.
Typical diagnoses include acid reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and Crohn’s disease. Some conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, need ongoing monitoring because symptoms may flare over time. Track your symptoms for a week, and your doctor will have clearer details to review.
Performing Endoscopic Techniques
Endoscopy lets a doctor view the inside of your digestive tract. The doctor guides a thin, flexible tube with a camera, and images appear on a monitor. Since the tube enters through a natural opening, no incisions are needed. Common endoscopic procedures include:
- Endoscopy: Examines the esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine
- Colonoscopy: Examines the full length of the large intestine
- Sigmoidoscopy: Examines the lower part of the colon
While the scope is in place, the doctor may take tissue samples or remove small growths. Most patients receive sedation, and many go home the same day. You will need a driver after the procedure. Ask your care team for written prep instructions in advance.
Screening for Colon Cancer
Colon cancer often begins as small growths called polyps, and many of them cause no symptoms. Regular screening helps doctors find these growths early. Current guidelines recommend that adults at average risk begin screening at age 45.
Colonoscopy is a thorough screening option. Stool-based tests are less invasive, but abnormal results require a follow-up colonoscopy. If you have a family history of colon cancer, your doctor may suggest earlier or more frequent testing. Talk with your doctor about which test fits your history.
Performing Minimally Invasive Surgery
When a condition requires major surgery, a gastroenterologist typically works with a general or colorectal surgeon. Many gastroenterologists perform less invasive treatments with endoscopic tools. These tools pass through natural openings, and patients avoid large incisions. Examples include the following procedures:
- Removing large polyps from the colon
- Placing stents to open blocked bile ducts or intestines
- Stopping bleeding from ulcers
- Stretching narrowed areas of the esophagus to ease swallowing
Each procedure carries some risk, and your doctor will review these risks with you. Ask about recovery time so you know how to plan your return to work. Bring a list of your current medications to the consultation.
Visit a Gastroenterologist
A gastroenterologist diagnoses, monitors, and treats a wide range of digestive conditions. Many people wait months to address ongoing symptoms, but earlier evaluation gives you and your doctor more information. If you notice persistent heartburn, blood in your stool, or unexplained weight loss, schedule an appointment. Check whether your insurance requires a referral first.
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